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Łańcut, nestled within the Podkarpackie Voivodeship of southeastern Poland, occupies a geographically significant position within the historical Red Ruthenian region. Located at approximately 50.0667° N, 22.2333° E, the town sits on the Łańcut Plateau, a gently undulating terrain characterized by fertile agricultural lands. The elevation averages around 160 meters above sea level, contributing to localized microclimates. The Wisłok River, a tributary of the San River, meanders through the municipality, providing a vital water source and influencing local humidity levels. This proximity to water can, under certain meteorological conditions, trap pollutants, particularly during periods of temperature inversion. Łańcut’s urban character is distinctly provincial, retaining a historical charm with its well-preserved castle and traditional architecture. The surrounding landscape is predominantly rural, consisting of extensive fields used for agriculture – primarily grain and livestock farming – and interspersed with pockets of deciduous forest. This agricultural zone contributes to seasonal particulate matter, particularly during harvest periods. The town’s location is relatively distant from major industrial belts, though it benefits from its proximity to Rzeszów, a regional economic hub, which can occasionally influence air quality through transported pollutants. The urban-rural gradient is gradual, with smaller villages and agricultural areas seamlessly blending into the town’s periphery, minimizing abrupt changes in land use and, generally, air quality patterns. The plateau’s topography can also influence wind patterns, sometimes leading to stagnant air conditions.

Łańcut’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by meteorological conditions. Spring (March-May) typically sees an improvement as temperatures rise and winds increase, dispersing accumulated winter pollutants. However, agricultural activities, such as fertilizer application, can introduce ammonia into the air. Summer (June-August) generally offers the best air quality, with consistent winds and higher temperatures promoting dispersion. Occasional heatwaves can, however, exacerbate ozone formation. Autumn (September-November) marks a shift, with cooler temperatures and decreasing sunlight leading to more frequent temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. Agricultural burning, a traditional practice in the region, also contributes to particulate matter during this period. Winter (December-February) presents the most challenging conditions. Cold, stable air masses, coupled with frequent fog and temperature inversions, lead to pollutant accumulation. Residential heating, primarily reliant on solid fuels like coal and wood, significantly increases particulate matter and carbon monoxide levels. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor exertion during these months, particularly on days with low visibility or stagnant air. The Wisłok River’s presence can exacerbate fog formation in winter, further hindering pollutant dispersal. While generally experiencing moderate air quality, Łańcut’s residents should be mindful of seasonal variations and adjust outdoor activities accordingly, prioritizing days with higher wind speeds and temperatures.