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Krotoszyn, nestled within the Wielkopolskie Voivodeship of Poland, occupies a relatively flat portion of the Central European Plain. Its coordinates, 51.6833° N, 17.4333° E, place it within a landscape dominated by agricultural fields, particularly cereal crops and rapeseed, interspersed with patches of mixed woodland. The terrain is gently undulating, rarely exceeding 150 meters above sea level, contributing to limited natural air dispersion. The Warta River flows approximately 15 kilometers to the east, offering a minor influence on local humidity but not significantly impacting prevailing wind patterns. Krotoszyn’s urban character is that of a small, provincial town, with a historical market square at its core, surrounded by residential areas and light industrial zones. While not a major industrial hub, the presence of food processing plants and smaller manufacturing facilities contributes to localised emissions. The surrounding rural-urban gradient is relatively sharp, transitioning quickly from town centre to open farmland. This proximity to agricultural activity introduces potential for ammonia emissions from fertilizer use, impacting secondary particulate matter formation. The lack of significant topographical features hinders the flushing of pollutants, making Krotoszyn susceptible to air stagnation episodes, particularly during stable atmospheric conditions. The town’s position within a broader agricultural belt means long-range transport of pollutants from surrounding areas is also a factor.

Krotoszyn experiences a temperate continental climate, and its air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern. Winter, from December to February, typically sees the poorest air quality. Low temperatures encourage the burning of solid fuels – coal and wood – for heating, leading to elevated particulate matter (PM) concentrations. Temperature inversions are common during these months, trapping pollutants near the ground. Spring, March to May, brings a gradual improvement as heating demand decreases, but agricultural activities begin, potentially increasing ammonia levels. Summer, June to August, generally offers the cleanest air, aided by higher temperatures, increased wind speeds, and greater atmospheric mixing. However, heatwaves can exacerbate ozone formation. Autumn, September to November, is a transitional period. The return to heating, combined with agricultural harvesting and potential for stagnant weather, can lead to a resurgence in pollution. October and November are often marked by increased fog, which can trap pollutants and reduce visibility. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during winter and periods of fog. Monitoring pollen levels is also advisable during spring and summer. Avoiding peak hours near busy roads and industrial areas is always recommended.