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Swarzędz, nestled within the Wielkopolskie Voivodeship of Poland, occupies a geographically strategic position in the central-western part of the country. Located at coordinates 52.4083° N, 17.0714° E, the town sits on the relatively flat northern edge of the Greater Poland Plain. The terrain is characterised by glacial landforms, a legacy of the last ice age, resulting in gently rolling fields and low-lying areas. Swarzędz benefits from proximity to the Warta River, which flows nearby, influencing local humidity and potentially contributing to temperature inversions during calmer weather. Historically an agricultural region, the area surrounding Swarzędz has experienced increasing industrial development, particularly along transport corridors linking Poznań, the regional capital, with other major Polish cities. This industrial growth, combined with a growing population of nearly 29,300, introduces significant sources of air pollution. The urban-rural gradient is noticeable, with air quality generally deteriorating closer to the town centre and industrial zones. The prevailing westerly winds can transport pollutants from Poznań, impacting Swarzędz’s air quality, while easterly winds can bring in pollutants from more localised sources. The flat topography limits natural dispersion of pollutants, exacerbating air quality challenges.

Swarzędz experiences a temperate continental climate, resulting in distinct seasonal air quality patterns. Winter, from November to February, typically sees the poorest air quality. Low temperatures encourage the burning of solid fuels for heating, a major source of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10). Frequent temperature inversions trap pollutants near the ground, worsening conditions. March and April bring a gradual improvement as heating demand decreases, but occasional dry, windy days can stir up dust and agricultural pollutants. Summer months, from June to August, generally offer the cleanest air, aided by higher temperatures, increased wind speeds, and rainfall which helps to wash pollutants from the atmosphere. However, prolonged heatwaves can lead to increased ground-level ozone formation. Autumn, particularly October and November, marks a return to poorer air quality as heating season begins. Fog is common during autumn mornings, trapping pollutants and reducing visibility. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during winter and autumn months. Monitoring pollen levels is also crucial during spring and summer. Avoiding peak traffic hours and staying informed about local air quality reports are recommended year-round.