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Wolsztyn, nestled within the Wielkopolskie Voivodeship of Poland, occupies a geographically significant position within the Noteć River Valley. Its coordinates (52.1167, 16.1167) place it in a relatively flat, low-lying landscape, characteristic of the Greater Poland Plain. The city’s terrain is gently undulating, primarily composed of fertile agricultural land, a legacy of centuries of farming. The Noteć River, a tributary of the Warta, flows nearby, influencing local microclimates and providing a natural drainage system. Wolsztyn’s urban character is that of a traditional market town, retaining a historic core with a distinct rural periphery. The surrounding landscape is dominated by expansive fields of grain and rapeseed, interspersed with pockets of woodland and smaller settlements. This strong agricultural presence shapes the region’s economy and, consequently, its air quality profile. While not directly adjacent to major industrial belts, Wolsztyn lies within a broader agricultural zone, and the use of fertilizers and machinery contributes to localized emissions. The urban–rural gradient is gradual, with agricultural activities impacting air quality even within the city limits. Elevation is relatively low, averaging around 115 meters above sea level, which can exacerbate the trapping of pollutants during periods of temperature inversion, particularly in autumn and winter. The proximity to the Noteć River also introduces humidity, which can affect the dispersion of airborne particles. The overall geographic setting presents a unique challenge: balancing agricultural productivity with maintaining acceptable air quality for the city’s residents.

Wolsztyn’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by meteorological conditions and agricultural practices. Spring (March-May) sees a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds increase, dispersing accumulated winter pollutants. However, this period also coincides with the start of the agricultural season, bringing increased emissions from fertilizer application and field preparation. Summer (June-August) generally offers the best air quality, with consistent winds and higher temperatures promoting efficient pollutant dispersion. However, occasional heatwaves can lead to stagnant air and elevated ozone levels. Autumn (September-November) marks a concerning shift. As temperatures cool, the likelihood of temperature inversions increases, trapping pollutants close to the ground. Agricultural burning, though regulated, can still contribute to particulate matter. Fog, common during this season, further restricts dispersion. Winter (December-February) typically presents the poorest air quality. Cold temperatures, frequent temperature inversions, and reduced wind speeds create conditions conducive to pollutant accumulation. Residential heating, often reliant on solid fuels, adds to the problem. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during periods of stagnant air, particularly in autumn and winter mornings. During the warmer months, while generally favorable, avoiding strenuous activity during peak ozone hours (typically mid-afternoon) is advisable. Public health messaging should emphasize responsible heating practices and minimizing agricultural burning to mitigate seasonal air quality challenges.