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Września, nestled within the Wielkopolskie Voivodeship of Poland, occupies a geographically significant position within the historical Greater Poland region. Located at approximately 52.33° N, 17.58° E, the city’s terrain is gently undulating, characterized by low hills and fertile plains typical of the Polish Lowland. Its elevation averages around 115 meters above sea level, contributing to relatively stable atmospheric conditions, though not entirely mitigating pollution impacts. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, a patchwork of fields cultivated with grains and rapeseed, interspersed with small woodlands and meadows. This agricultural zone, while providing a rural buffer, can also be a source of particulate matter during planting and harvesting seasons, particularly from machinery exhaust and soil disturbance. Września sits approximately 40 kilometers southeast of Poznań, a major industrial and transportation hub, placing it within the sphere of influence of regional pollution sources. The urban–rural gradient is gradual, with smaller villages and agricultural land transitioning seamlessly into the city’s boundaries. The absence of major rivers directly bordering Września limits natural air cleansing mechanisms; however, the proximity to smaller streams and drainage channels influences local humidity and temperature patterns. The city’s location, while relatively sheltered, is still susceptible to pollutants transported from the industrial belt around Poznań and broader regional agricultural activities, impacting overall air quality.

Września’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by meteorological patterns. Spring (March-May) often sees elevated particulate matter levels due to agricultural activities – plowing, fertilizer application, and the initial stages of planting release dust and emissions. Temperature inversions, common during clear, calm spring nights, can trap pollutants close to the ground, exacerbating the issue. Summer (June-August) generally offers improved air quality, with warmer temperatures promoting atmospheric mixing and dispersing pollutants. However, periods of stagnant high-pressure systems can lead to localized ozone formation, particularly during heatwaves. Autumn (September-November) brings a resurgence of particulate matter as harvest season intensifies and cooler temperatures reduce atmospheric mixing. Fog, frequently occurring in October and November, further concentrates pollutants near the surface. Winter (December-February) typically presents the most challenging air quality conditions. Cold temperatures, frequent temperature inversions, and reduced sunlight hours contribute to pollutant accumulation. Residential heating, often reliant on coal or wood, significantly increases particulate emissions. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit prolonged outdoor exposure during winter and spring mornings, and be mindful of ozone alerts during summer heatwaves. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can offer some protection. Awareness of regional agricultural practices and their potential impact is crucial for informed decision-making regarding outdoor activities.