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Bandarbeyla, a coastal city in the Bari region of Somalia, occupies a strategically important position on the Gulf of Aden. Its coordinates, 9.4833° N, 50.8167° E, place it within a semi-arid climate zone characterized by sparse vegetation and a predominantly flat terrain gently sloping towards the sea. The surrounding landscape is dominated by arid plains and scattered acacia woodlands, gradually transitioning to more rugged terrain further inland. The city’s proximity to the Gulf of Aden significantly influences its microclimate and, consequently, its air quality. The coastal location promotes sea breezes, which can both disperse pollutants and, under certain conditions, trap them. Bandarbeyla’s urban character is relatively low-density, reflecting its small population of approximately 13,753. Development is largely concentrated along the coastline, with limited industrial activity. The primary economic drivers are fishing and small-scale trade, with a gradual urban–rural gradient extending outwards into the surrounding pastoral lands. Agricultural zones, focused on drought-resistant crops like sorghum and maize, are present but limited, minimizing agricultural emissions. The lack of major industrial belts reduces the potential for heavy industrial pollution, however, the reliance on wood and charcoal for fuel contributes to localized particulate matter. Topographically, the flat terrain offers little impediment to wind flow, but the coastal geography can create localized areas of stagnant air, particularly during periods of calm weather, impacting pollutant dispersion.

Bandarbeyla experiences a distinct wet and dry season pattern typical of Somalia’s tropical climate. The dry season, generally spanning from April to October, is characterized by consistently high temperatures and minimal rainfall. During this period, air quality can be negatively impacted by the increased use of wood and charcoal for cooking and heating, leading to elevated levels of particulate matter, particularly in the evenings. The lack of rainfall means there's little atmospheric cleansing, and dust storms originating from the surrounding arid plains are a frequent occurrence, further degrading air quality. The wet season, from November to March, brings sporadic but significant rainfall, which helps to wash pollutants from the atmosphere and improve air quality considerably. However, periods of heavy rainfall can also lead to increased humidity and fog, which can trap pollutants near the ground, creating localized pockets of poor air quality. Wind patterns play a crucial role; consistent sea breezes during the wet season generally disperse pollutants, while calm periods, especially during the transition months, can lead to stagnation. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during dust storm events. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the wet season, although vigilance regarding localized fog is advised. The combination of high temperatures and potential for dust during the dry season necessitates adequate hydration and respiratory protection when necessary.