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Qandala, a coastal town in the Bari region of Somalia, occupies a geographically significant position along the Gulf of Aden. Situated at coordinates 11.4667°N, 49.8667°E, the town’s terrain is characterised by a relatively flat coastal plain, gradually rising inland towards the rugged Golis Mountains. This proximity to the sea exerts a strong influence on the local climate and, consequently, air quality. The surrounding landscape is a mix of arid shrubland, sparse woodland, and sandy beaches. Qandala’s urban character is that of a small, developing port town, serving as a key trading hub for frankincense and myrrh, historically and presently. While not heavily industrialised, the port activity contributes to localised emissions from shipping and handling of goods. The agricultural zones are limited, primarily consisting of small-scale subsistence farming further inland. The urban-rural gradient is quite sharp; immediately surrounding Qandala is a densely populated coastal strip, quickly transitioning to sparsely populated pastoral lands. The prevailing winds, generally from the northeast during the dry season, carry dust and potentially pollutants from inland areas towards the town, impacting air quality. The town’s location makes it vulnerable to seasonal changes in wind patterns and the potential for dust storms originating from the Horn of Africa’s interior.

Qandala experiences a bimodal rainfall pattern, defining its ‘seasons’ rather than the traditional four. The *Gu* (long rainy season) from April to June brings temporary relief from dust and can briefly improve air quality through atmospheric cleansing. However, increased humidity can also foster mould growth, impacting respiratory health. July to September represents the *Xaysimaay* (short dry season), characterised by hot, dry conditions and often, increased dust concentrations carried by stronger winds from the interior. This period typically sees the poorest air quality. October to December is the *Deyr* (short rainy season), offering a similar, though less intense, period of improved air quality as the *Gu*. January to March is the *Jilal* (long dry season), the hottest and driest period, with persistent dust haze and potential for temperature inversions trapping pollutants near the ground. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during the *Xaysimaay* and *Jilal* seasons. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; periods with winds from the northwest are likely to bring higher dust levels. Localised emissions from port activity are more noticeable when winds are calm, creating stagnant air conditions.