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Dovzhansk, situated in the Luhanska Oblast of eastern Ukraine (coordinates 48.0778, 39.6472), occupies a geographically significant position within the Donets Basin, a region historically defined by its extensive coalfields and heavy industry. The city’s terrain is characterized by gently rolling plains, typical of the broader Ukrainian shield, with elevations ranging from approximately 180 to 220 meters above sea level. This relatively flat landscape, while facilitating urban development, unfortunately contributes to air quality challenges. Dovzhansk lies within a transitional zone between the steppe and forest-steppe landscapes, influencing regional weather patterns and agricultural practices. The surrounding area is a mosaic of agricultural land – primarily wheat and sunflower cultivation – interspersed with remnants of industrial infrastructure and scattered settlements. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural fields quickly giving way to residential and industrial zones within the city limits. Historically, Dovzhansk’s location near coal mining operations and associated processing plants has been a primary driver of its economic development, but also a significant factor impacting its air quality. The proximity to the Siverskyi Donets River, though providing a water source, can also exacerbate pollution episodes under certain meteorological conditions, as river valleys often act as channels for pollutant transport. The lack of significant topographic barriers further limits natural dispersion of airborne contaminants, trapping pollutants within the local basin. The legacy of industrial activity and the ongoing agricultural practices combine to create a complex environmental context for Dovzhansk.

Dovzhansk’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by its continental climate. Winter (December-February) typically presents the most challenging conditions. Cold temperatures frequently lead to temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, preventing the vertical dispersion of pollutants. This, coupled with reduced sunlight hours and increased domestic heating reliant on coal and wood, results in elevated particulate matter concentrations. Fog, common during these months, further compounds the problem by trapping pollutants close to the ground. Spring (March-May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and wind speeds increase, aiding in pollutant dispersal. However, agricultural activities, including the use of fertilizers and pesticides, can introduce new pollutants into the air. Summer (June-August) generally offers the best air quality, with warm temperatures, frequent winds, and increased sunlight promoting efficient dispersion. However, occasional heatwaves can lead to stagnant air conditions. Autumn (September-November) sees a return to more challenging conditions as temperatures cool and the agricultural season winds down, releasing dust and emissions from harvest activities. The combination of cooler temperatures and less frequent wind events in autumn can lead to a gradual decline in air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during winter and autumn, limiting outdoor exposure during periods of stagnant air or visible haze. During the warmer months, while generally better, it’s advisable to monitor local conditions and avoid strenuous outdoor activity during heatwaves.