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Luhansk, situated in eastern Ukraine's Luhanska Oblast, occupies a strategic position within the Donbas region, approximately 100 kilometres from the Russian border. The city lies on the banks of the Luhan River, a tributary of the Donets River, at an elevation of around 105 metres above sea level, placing it within the rolling steppe landscape characteristic of this area. This terrain, marked by gentle hills and broad valleys, creates a basin-like effect that can trap pollutants, particularly during atmospheric inversions. Luhansk's urban character reflects its industrial heritage, having developed as a major centre for locomotive manufacturing, metalworking, and coal-related industries, though many facilities have declined since the 1990s. The city is surrounded by a mix of agricultural zones—primarily grain cultivation—and former mining areas, contributing to both particulate matter from farming activities and potential legacy contamination. Proximity to other industrial cities like Donetsk and Horlivka forms part of a broader urban–industrial belt in the Donbas, where cross-border pollution transport can occur, especially under prevailing easterly winds. The Luhan River provides limited dispersion benefits due to its modest size, while the absence of major water bodies or significant forest cover reduces natural air cleansing. The urban–rural gradient shows higher pollution in the city centre and near industrial remnants, with gradual improvement toward the outskirts, though overall air quality is influenced by regional factors including transportation emissions from aging vehicle fleets and residential heating using solid fuels during colder months.

In Luhansk, air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern shaped by the continental climate and local emissions. Winter, from December to February, typically sees the poorest conditions due to temperature inversions that trap pollutants close to the ground, compounded by increased burning of coal and wood for heating in residential areas. Sensitive groups, such as those with respiratory or cardiovascular conditions, should limit prolonged outdoor exposure during these months, especially on calm, cold days when fog and smog can persist. Spring, from March to May, brings gradual improvement as temperatures rise and precipitation increases, helping to wash particulate matter from the air, though windy conditions can occasionally stir up dust from agricultural fields and unpaved roads. Summer, from June to August, offers the best air quality for outdoor activities, with warmer temperatures reducing heating emissions and more frequent convective mixing dispersing pollutants, though occasional heatwaves may elevate ground-level ozone from vehicle exhaust. Autumn, from September to November, sees a decline as temperatures drop and heating resumes, with October and November often marked by increased particulate pollution from crop residue burning in surrounding farmlands. Throughout the year, weather hazards like fog in winter and spring can exacerbate pollution visibility, while low wind speeds in any season may lead to accumulation of emissions. For health planning, sensitive individuals should favour outdoor activities in late spring and summer, avoid strenuous exercise on still winter days, and monitor local air quality reports during transitional seasons.