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Lysychansk, situated in the Luhanska Oblast of eastern Ukraine, occupies a geographically complex position within the Donets Basin. The city’s location, approximately 48.9167° N, 38.4000° E, is characterized by undulating terrain, part of the larger Donets Ridge, resulting in varying elevations that influence local air circulation patterns. The surrounding landscape is a mix of agricultural land – predominantly grain and sunflower cultivation – and remnants of industrial zones, a legacy of the region’s coal mining and heavy industry heritage. To the west, the Siverskyi Donets River provides a crucial water source and a potential moderating influence on local temperatures, though its impact on air quality is complex, sometimes trapping pollutants under stable atmospheric conditions. The urban–rural gradient around Lysychansk is relatively sharp, transitioning quickly from built-up areas to agricultural fields and smaller settlements. This proximity to agricultural activities introduces seasonal particulate matter from field burning, a common practice in the region. The city itself exhibits a post-industrial urban character, with older residential areas interspersed with industrial infrastructure, some of which continues to operate. The Donets Basin’s geology, rich in coal deposits, has historically contributed to air pollution through mining activities and related industrial processes. Topographically, the ridge’s slopes can channel winds, concentrating pollutants in certain areas and creating localized microclimates that exacerbate air quality issues. The overall regional context is one of a historically industrialized area undergoing economic transition, with ongoing environmental challenges.

Lysychansk’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by meteorological conditions and regional activities. Winter (December-February) often presents the most challenging period. Cold temperatures frequently lead to temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, preventing pollutants from dispersing. This, combined with reduced sunlight hours and increased domestic heating (often using coal or wood), results in elevated particulate matter concentrations. Spring (March-May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds increase, though agricultural field burning can significantly degrade air quality during this transition period. Summer (June-August) typically offers the best air quality, with warmer temperatures promoting atmospheric mixing and dispersing pollutants. However, periods of stagnant high pressure can still lead to localized pollution episodes. Autumn (September-November) sees a return to more variable conditions. Cooler temperatures and increased humidity can create fog, trapping pollutants and reducing visibility. The agricultural cycle intensifies, with harvest activities and field burning contributing to particulate matter. Wind patterns are crucial; prevailing winds from the west can bring cleaner air, while easterly winds can transport pollutants from industrial areas further east. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during periods of stagnant air, particularly in winter and during agricultural burning season. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can also be beneficial during these times. Awareness of regional agricultural practices and their impact on air quality is essential for informed decision-making regarding outdoor exposure.