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Kreminna, situated in the Luhanska Oblast of eastern Ukraine, occupies a geographically complex position within the Donets Basin. Its coordinates (49.0500, 38.2167) place it on a gently sloping plain, part of the larger East European Plain, characterized by undulating terrain and pockets of forested areas. The city lies approximately 120 meters above sea level, contributing to a relatively stable atmospheric layer, though susceptible to temperature inversions under certain conditions. Kreminna’s location is significant due to its proximity to both agricultural lands and historical industrial zones. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of cultivated fields – primarily wheat and sunflowers – interspersed with birch and pine forests, typical of the mixed forest biome. To the west, the Siverskyi Donets River, a major tributary of the Don River, influences local humidity and can impact pollutant dispersion, particularly during periods of low flow. The urban–rural gradient transitions relatively quickly, with agricultural activity dominating the immediate outskirts. Historically, the region has been a coal mining and industrial hub, though the intensity of these activities has fluctuated. This legacy contributes to a baseline level of industrial pollutants, even in periods of reduced operational capacity. The city’s position within the Donets Basin, a geological depression, can trap pollutants, especially when coupled with unfavorable meteorological conditions. The relatively flat topography limits natural ventilation, potentially exacerbating air quality challenges, particularly during stagnant weather patterns. The ongoing conflict in the region further complicates the situation, with potential impacts from military activity and infrastructure damage.

Kreminna’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by its climate and regional activities. Spring (March-May) often brings a noticeable increase in particulate matter, linked to agricultural practices like fertilizer application and the initial burning of crop residues, combined with increased wind speeds stirring up dust from recently tilled fields. The warming temperatures can also lead to increased volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions. Summer (June-August) typically sees a relative improvement, with more frequent rainfall washing pollutants from the atmosphere and higher temperatures promoting atmospheric mixing. However, periods of intense heat can lead to stagnant air and ozone formation. Autumn (September-November) presents a complex picture. While rainfall remains relatively frequent, the burning of agricultural waste continues, contributing to elevated particulate levels. Temperature inversions, common during clear, calm autumn nights, trap pollutants close to the ground, creating localized air quality issues. Winter (December-February) is often the most challenging period. Cold temperatures and frequent fog events significantly reduce atmospheric mixing, leading to pollutant accumulation. Heating systems, reliant on coal and other solid fuels in some areas, further contribute to emissions. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during periods of fog and temperature inversions, particularly in the mornings. During the agricultural seasons, wearing masks during outdoor work is advisable. The impact of ongoing conflict on fuel sources and industrial operations adds an unpredictable element to the seasonal air quality patterns, potentially exacerbating existing challenges.