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Shchastia, situated in the Luhanska Oblast of eastern Ukraine, occupies a geographically significant position within the Donbas region. Located at coordinates 48.7333° N, 39.2333° E, the city rests on the banks of the Siverskyi Donets River, a crucial waterway for the region. The terrain is characterised by gently rolling hills and plateaus, typical of the East European Plain, with an elevation around 80-100 meters above sea level. Historically, Shchastia’s development has been intrinsically linked to the river, providing water for industry and transport. The surrounding landscape is a mix of agricultural land – primarily grain cultivation – and remnants of the heavy industrial belt that defines much of the Donbas. This proximity to industrial activity, including coal mining and processing, is a key factor influencing air quality. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; Shchastia itself is a compact urban centre, quickly transitioning to agricultural fields and, further afield, areas impacted by industrial operations. The prevailing winds, often from the west and northwest, can carry pollutants from these sources directly over the city, exacerbating local air quality challenges. The river itself, while a resource, can also contribute to localised humidity and potential for fog formation, trapping pollutants near the ground.

Shchastia experiences a continental climate, resulting in distinct seasonal air quality patterns. Spring (March-May) sees a gradual improvement after winter, but agricultural burning and dust from thawing ground can temporarily elevate particulate matter. Summer (June-August) generally offers the cleanest air, aided by prevailing winds and rainfall washing away pollutants, though occasional heatwaves can lead to ozone formation. However, the dry conditions can also increase the risk of wildfires in surrounding areas, impacting air quality. Autumn (September-November) is often marked by a deterioration in air quality as heating systems are activated, and temperature inversions become more frequent, trapping pollutants close to the ground. This is a period of increased coal burning for domestic heating. Winter (December-February) represents the most challenging period for air quality. Cold temperatures drive increased reliance on coal for heating, and stable, high-pressure systems often lead to prolonged temperature inversions, concentrating pollutants. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during these colder months. Fog, common in the colder seasons, further exacerbates pollution by reducing dispersion. Months to avoid prolonged outdoor exposure are November through February, while June and July typically offer the best conditions.