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Starobilsk, nestled within the Luhanska Oblast of eastern Ukraine, occupies a geographically significant position within the Donets Basin, a region historically defined by its coal mining and industrial activity. Located at approximately 49.2775° N, 38.9242° E, the city sits on a gently undulating plain, part of the larger East European Plain. The terrain is predominantly flat, characterized by loessial soils – wind-blown deposits rich in silt – which contribute to the region’s agricultural potential. While Starobilsk itself lacks immediate proximity to major rivers, it’s situated within a watershed that drains towards the Donets River, a crucial waterway for the broader region. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural fields, primarily dedicated to grain and sunflower cultivation, interspersed with pockets of woodland and occasional steppe-like expanses. This agricultural zone, while vital for the regional economy, can contribute to seasonal particulate matter pollution through agricultural burning practices. The urban–rural gradient around Starobilsk is relatively gradual, with smaller villages and agricultural settlements blending seamlessly into the city’s periphery. Historically, the city’s location facilitated its role as a transportation hub, connecting industrial centers to the north and west with agricultural areas to the south and east. The legacy of coal mining, though diminished, continues to influence the regional landscape and potentially contributes to localized air quality issues through residual contamination and occasional industrial emissions. The relatively flat topography can exacerbate air pollution episodes, limiting dispersion and allowing pollutants to accumulate, particularly during periods of stagnant weather.

Starobilsk’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by its climate and surrounding land use. Spring (March-May) often brings a noticeable increase in particulate matter as agricultural activities ramp up, with controlled burns of crop residue being a common practice. This, combined with increased wind speeds stirring up dust from freshly tilled fields, can lead to hazy conditions and reduced visibility. Summer (June-August) generally sees improved air quality due to more frequent rainfall and higher temperatures, which promote atmospheric mixing and pollutant dispersion. However, periods of intense heat can trigger temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground, especially in the evenings. Autumn (September-November) presents a complex picture. While rainfall remains relatively frequent, the onset of cooler temperatures can lead to stagnant air conditions, particularly in October and November, allowing pollutants to accumulate. Agricultural burning may also continue, further degrading air quality. Winter (December-February) is typically the most challenging period. Cold temperatures, frequent fog, and temperature inversions are common, severely limiting atmospheric mixing and trapping pollutants. Residential heating, often reliant on coal or wood, contributes significantly to particulate matter pollution during these months. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during periods of fog and temperature inversions, particularly in November and December. Maintaining indoor air quality through proper ventilation and air filtration is also crucial during the colder months. Public health advisories regarding agricultural burning should be closely monitored during spring and autumn.