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Berdiansk, situated on the coast of the Sea of Azov in Zaporizka Oblast, Ukraine, occupies a geographically significant position within the broader Eastern European landscape. The city’s location at 46.7556° N, 36.7889° E places it within a relatively flat, low-lying coastal plain, with an average elevation of just 28 meters above sea level. This minimal elevation contributes to a tendency for pollutants to accumulate, particularly during periods of stagnant air. The Sea of Azov itself, a shallow and enclosed sea, influences local weather patterns and can exacerbate air quality issues by limiting dispersion. Berdiansk’s urban fabric is characterized by a mix of residential areas, commercial districts, and port facilities, reflecting its role as a regional trade hub. The surrounding landscape is a blend of agricultural land – predominantly grain fields and sunflower cultivation – and steppe terrain, typical of southern Ukraine. This agricultural activity, while vital to the regional economy, can contribute to particulate matter pollution through dust storms and fertilizer application. To the north and east lie more extensive agricultural zones, while the southern boundary is defined by the Azov Sea. The urban–rural gradient transitions relatively quickly, with smaller villages and agricultural fields bordering the city limits. The proximity to the industrial belt of Mariupol, located approximately 120 km to the east, also introduces a potential source of transboundary air pollution, although prevailing winds often mitigate this impact. The city’s coastal location and flat topography combine to create a unique environmental setting that significantly influences its air quality profile.

Berdiansk’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by meteorological conditions. Spring (March-May) often brings increased dust levels due to agricultural activities like plowing and sowing, combined with occasional wind-blown soil from the surrounding steppe. The warming temperatures can also lead to increased volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions. Summer (June-August) typically sees improved air quality due to more frequent winds dispersing pollutants, although periods of intense heat can trigger photochemical smog formation, particularly when combined with stagnant air. Autumn (September-November) presents a complex picture. While wind patterns generally remain favourable, the harvest season contributes to particulate matter pollution from agricultural residue burning, a practice that, while regulated, can still occur. The onset of cooler temperatures can also lead to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. Winter (December-February) is often the most challenging period. Cold, stable air masses frequently lead to temperature inversions, preventing vertical mixing and allowing pollutants to accumulate. Fog, common during winter months, further exacerbates this issue by trapping particulate matter and reducing visibility. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during periods of fog and temperature inversions, particularly in the mornings. During the harvest season, wearing a mask can help reduce exposure to particulate matter. Overall, spring and winter pose the greatest air quality challenges in Berdiansk, demanding heightened awareness and precautionary measures.