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Tokmak, situated in the Zaporizka Oblast of Ukraine at coordinates 47.2556, 35.7056, occupies a crucial position within the southern steppe zone. The city’s terrain is largely flat to gently undulating, characteristic of the Dnipro Lowland, with an elevation around 35 meters above sea level. This relatively low elevation, combined with its inland location, influences local air circulation patterns. Tokmak is positioned approximately 60km south of Zaporizhzhia, a major industrial hub, and lies within a predominantly agricultural region, heavily focused on grain production. The surrounding landscape is dominated by expansive fields of wheat, barley, and sunflowers. The Molochna River flows nearby, but its influence on immediate air quality is limited due to its size and flow rate. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; Tokmak represents a concentrated settlement within a vast agricultural expanse. Dust from agricultural activities, particularly during harvest and soil preparation, is a significant factor. The proximity to larger industrial centres to the north means that long-range transport of pollutants is possible, especially under certain meteorological conditions. The city’s layout is typical of post-Soviet settlements, with a mix of apartment blocks and private housing, influencing localized pollutant dispersion.

Tokmak experiences a continental climate, resulting in distinct seasonal air quality patterns. Spring (March-May) sees a rise in particulate matter due to agricultural burning and dust storms as fields are prepared for planting. Winds from the south can carry pollutants from further afield. Summer (June-August) generally offers the best air quality, with prevailing winds dispersing pollutants and rainfall acting as a natural scrubber. However, high temperatures can contribute to ground-level ozone formation. Autumn (September-November) brings a resurgence of agricultural burning as harvest concludes, leading to increased PM2.5 and PM10 levels. Temperature inversions become more frequent, trapping pollutants near the ground. November often sees stagnant air conditions. Winter (December-February) is characterized by stable, cold air masses and increased reliance on solid fuel heating, resulting in elevated levels of sulfur dioxide and particulate matter. Fog is common, exacerbating pollution. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during autumn and winter, particularly on calm days. Spring can also pose risks due to agricultural emissions. Monitoring wind direction and avoiding peak burning times are advisable.