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Beruniy, nestled within the Qoraqalpog‘iston region of Uzbekistan, occupies a geographically significant position at 41.6833° N, 60.7500° E. The city’s setting is characterized by a gently undulating terrain, part of the broader Amudarya basin, a vast alluvial plain formed by the Amudarya River. This river, historically a vital artery of Central Asia, now faces challenges related to water diversion and salinization, impacting the surrounding agricultural landscape. Beruniy itself sits at a relatively low elevation, approximately 15 meters above sea level, contributing to a tendency for stagnant air conditions, particularly during periods of atmospheric stability. The urban character is primarily that of a regional administrative and agricultural service center, with a noticeable urban–rural gradient extending outwards into cotton fields and small villages. While Beruniy isn't directly adjacent to large industrial zones, it serves as a logistical hub for agricultural processing and transportation, with nearby areas supporting cotton ginning and food processing facilities. The surrounding landscape is dominated by arid and semi-arid steppe, punctuated by irrigation canals and cultivated fields. The proximity to the Amudarya River, while providing a water source, also presents a potential source of pollutants if agricultural runoff or industrial discharge isn't properly managed. The flat topography and prevailing wind patterns, often light and variable, can exacerbate localized pollution episodes, hindering dispersion and leading to elevated concentrations of particulate matter and other pollutants, especially during calmer weather periods.

Beruniy’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by its climate and agricultural practices. Spring (March-May) typically sees a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds become more frequent, aiding in pollutant dispersal. However, the onset of the cotton harvest season introduces a significant challenge. Agricultural activities, including harvesting and processing, release substantial amounts of dust and particulate matter into the atmosphere, often creating hazy conditions. Summer (June-August) is generally characterized by high temperatures and relatively stable atmospheric conditions, which can trap pollutants near the ground, particularly during periods of intense heat. The lack of significant rainfall during this season further compounds the issue. Autumn (September-November) witnesses a peak in air quality concerns due to the continued cotton harvest and the increased use of agricultural machinery. The cooler temperatures can also lead to the formation of ground-level fog, further restricting pollutant dispersion. Winter (December-February) often brings the most challenging air quality conditions. Cold temperatures and frequent temperature inversions trap pollutants close to the surface, leading to elevated concentrations. The use of solid fuels for heating in homes and smaller businesses also contributes to the problem. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during winter mornings and during periods of intense agricultural activity in spring and autumn. Staying indoors with air purifiers and avoiding strenuous exercise during peak pollution times is advisable.