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Xo‘jayli Shahri, nestled within the autonomous republic of Qoraqalpog‘iston in Uzbekistan, occupies a geographically significant position in the Aral Sea basin. Located at coordinates 42.4000, 59.4500, the city sits on relatively flat terrain characteristic of the Kyzylkum Desert, though irrigation canals and agricultural lands punctuate the landscape. Its elevation is low, contributing to potential temperature inversions. The shrinking Aral Sea, once a vast inland body of water, lies to the west, now leaving behind a vast expanse of exposed seabed – a major source of dust and salt particles. Xo‘jayli Shahri is a regional centre, serving surrounding agricultural communities focused on cotton production. This agricultural activity, alongside limited industrial development, contributes to localised pollution sources. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced; the city itself is compact with a population of approximately 67,800, surrounded by extensive farmland. The prevailing winds, often originating from the northwest, carry dust and pollutants across the region. The city’s location within a closed basin limits natural air flushing, exacerbating pollution build-up. The exposed seabed of the Aral Sea is a defining feature, impacting not only the climate but also the composition of airborne particulate matter, rich in salt and minerals.

Air quality in Xo‘jayli Shahri exhibits a distinct seasonal pattern. Spring (March-May) sees a rise in particulate matter as agricultural activities intensify, including land preparation and potential burning of crop residue. Winds pick up, mobilizing dust from the exposed Aral Sea bed, further degrading air quality. Summer (June-August) brings intense heat and stable atmospheric conditions, often leading to temperature inversions that trap pollutants near the ground. While rainfall is scarce, occasional storms can temporarily improve conditions, but also resuspend dust. Autumn (September-November) is generally the most favourable period, with cooler temperatures and reduced agricultural activity. However, wind speeds can still be high, carrying dust from the Aral Sea. Winter (December-February) experiences the coldest temperatures and frequent calm conditions, promoting pollutant accumulation. Heating using coal or other solid fuels in residential areas contributes to localised smoke pollution. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor exposure during spring and winter. Avoiding strenuous activity during peak pollution periods, particularly in the summer afternoons, is advisable. Monitoring local conditions and using appropriate respiratory protection when necessary are crucial for maintaining health.