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Bouchegouf, nestled within the Guelma province of Algeria, occupies a geographically significant position in the Tell Atlas mountains. Located at approximately 36.4667° N, 7.4833° E, the town’s elevation, averaging around 600 meters above sea level, contributes to its unique microclimate and influences local air quality patterns. The surrounding landscape is characterized by a blend of rolling hills, fertile plains, and pockets of Mediterranean scrubland, typical of the region's semi-arid climate. Bouchegouf sits within a transitional zone between the mountainous interior and the coastal plains, experiencing a gradual urban–rural gradient. To the north, the Mediterranean Sea exerts a moderating influence on temperatures and humidity, while the mountains to the south provide a barrier that can trap pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. The proximity to agricultural zones, particularly olive groves and cereal fields, introduces potential sources of particulate matter from agricultural practices, including tilling and fertilizer application. While Bouchegouf itself is a relatively small town, its regional position places it within reach of industrial activity concentrated in larger urban centers further east along the coast. The terrain, with its slopes and valleys, can create localized variations in air flow, impacting pollutant dispersion. The town’s layout, likely evolving organically over time, may not prioritize optimal ventilation, potentially exacerbating air quality challenges during periods of stagnant air. Understanding these geographic factors is crucial for assessing and mitigating air pollution risks in Bouchegouf.

Bouchegouf’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by its Mediterranean climate. The warm, dry summers (June-August) often see a build-up of pollutants due to reduced rainfall and increased solar radiation, which promotes photochemical smog formation. Temperature inversions, common during these months, trap cooler air near the ground, preventing the vertical dispersion of pollutants released from local sources and any upwind industrial activity. Spring (March-May) and Autumn (September-November) generally offer improved air quality, with more frequent rainfall and increased wind speeds that help to disperse pollutants. However, agricultural burning, a traditional practice in the region, can significantly degrade air quality during these transitional periods. Winter (December-February) brings cooler temperatures and increased humidity, often accompanied by fog, which can trap pollutants and reduce visibility. While rainfall is more frequent in winter, the damp conditions can also contribute to the formation of particulate matter. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the summer months and be mindful of potential agricultural burning in spring and autumn. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the spring and autumn, but it’s advisable to monitor local conditions and avoid strenuous activity on days with visible haze or reduced air quality. The interplay of temperature, wind patterns, and precipitation creates a dynamic air quality profile throughout the year in Bouchegouf, requiring adaptive strategies for public health protection.