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Oued Zenati, nestled within the Guelma province of Algeria, occupies a geographically significant position in the Tell Atlas mountains, approximately 36.3167° N, 7.1667° E. The city’s terrain is characterized by gently sloping hills and valleys, typical of the region’s Mediterranean climate. Situated near the Oued Zenata river, which lends the city its name, it benefits from a relatively fertile landscape, supporting agricultural activities in the surrounding areas. This proximity to the river, while providing a water source, can also contribute to localized humidity and fog formation, impacting air quality under certain conditions. The urban fabric of Oued Zenati is a blend of traditional Algerian architecture and more modern developments, reflecting its growth over recent decades. The city sits within a transitional zone, exhibiting a gradual urban–rural gradient as one moves outwards. To the west, the landscape opens into broader plains, while to the east, the mountains rise more steeply. The region is not heavily industrialized, though some small-scale agricultural processing and light manufacturing exist, primarily serving the local population. Larger industrial belts are located further east, towards Skikda, but their influence on Oued Zenati’s air quality is generally less pronounced than that of local agricultural practices and seasonal weather patterns. The elevation, averaging around 250 meters above sea level, influences local wind patterns and temperature inversions, which can trap pollutants during cooler months. The surrounding landscape, a mix of olive groves, citrus orchards, and cereal fields, contributes to both natural emissions (biogenic volatile organic compounds) and potential dust sources, particularly during dry periods.

Oued Zenati’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by its Mediterranean climate. Spring (March-May) typically brings a noticeable improvement, with increased rainfall flushing particulate matter from the atmosphere and stronger winds dispersing pollutants. However, pollen levels rise significantly, impacting those with allergies. Summer (June-August) is generally drier and hotter, with stagnant air conditions often leading to a build-up of ozone, a secondary pollutant formed by sunlight reacting with emissions. Daytime temperatures can be high, exacerbating respiratory issues. Autumn (September-November) sees a return of rainfall, but also an increase in agricultural burning as farmers clear fields, contributing to particulate pollution. This period often experiences temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air (and pollutants) near the ground, particularly during calmer nights. Winter (December-February) is the most challenging season for air quality. Cold, stable air masses frequently settle over the region, leading to prolonged periods of temperature inversion and trapping pollutants close to the ground. Fog is also common, further reducing visibility and concentrating pollutants. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during these periods, especially during early morning hours when inversions are strongest. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purifiers is also advisable. The agricultural cycle, with its associated burning and fertilizer use, plays a significant role in seasonal pollution fluctuations, demanding careful management practices.