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Oued Cheham, nestled within the Guelma Province of northeastern Algeria, occupies a geographically significant position in the Aurès Mountains. Located at coordinates 36.3833° N, 7.7667° E, the city is characterized by a rugged, mountainous terrain, typical of this region. The surrounding landscape is dominated by the Tell Atlas mountain range, influencing local wind patterns and creating microclimates. Oued Cheham’s elevation, approximately 900 meters above sea level, contributes to cooler temperatures and increased precipitation compared to lower-lying areas of Algeria. The city is situated near several wadis (dry riverbeds), indicating a history of seasonal water flow, though permanent large bodies of water are not immediately proximate. The regional economy is largely agricultural, with olive groves and cereal crops prevalent in the surrounding valleys. While not a major industrial hub, Guelma Province does have some localized industrial activity, primarily related to food processing and building materials. The urban-rural gradient is quite sharp; Oued Cheham itself is a relatively small urban center, quickly transitioning to rural agricultural land and mountainous terrain. This topography can trap pollutants during periods of calm weather, impacting local air quality, while the mountainous winds can also disperse them. The city’s location within a valley increases the potential for temperature inversions, exacerbating pollution events.

Air quality in Oued Cheham experiences distinct seasonal variations, closely tied to meteorological conditions and agricultural practices. Spring (March-May) sees a gradual improvement in air quality as winter inversions break down and rainfall increases, washing away accumulated particulate matter. However, agricultural burning of crop residue begins in April, potentially causing localized spikes in PM2.5. Summer (June-August) is generally the period of best air quality, with prevailing winds dispersing pollutants and high temperatures promoting atmospheric mixing. However, prolonged dry spells can lead to dust being lifted from the surrounding arid lands. Autumn (September-November) marks a transition period. The cessation of agricultural activities improves conditions initially, but the onset of stable, high-pressure systems can lead to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants. November often sees the first significant wood burning for heating. Winter (December-February) is typically the worst period for air quality. Cold temperatures increase the reliance on wood and other solid fuels for heating, releasing substantial amounts of particulate matter and carbon monoxide. Temperature inversions are frequent, trapping pollutants close to the ground. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during these months. Fog, common in the cooler months, can also exacerbate pollution by trapping pollutants.