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Hammam M’Baïls, nestled in the Guelma province of Algeria, occupies a geographically significant position within the Tell Atlas mountains. Located at approximately 36.3258° N, 7.6436° E, the city’s elevation, averaging around 600 meters above sea level, contributes to its relatively cool climate compared to coastal regions. The surrounding landscape is characterized by rolling hills, fertile plains, and pockets of dense Mediterranean scrubland, typical of the region’s semi-arid climate. Hammam M’Baïls benefits from its proximity to the Chelif River, providing a crucial water source and influencing local microclimates. The urban fabric is a blend of traditional Algerian architecture and more modern developments, reflecting the city’s growth over time. While not directly adjacent to major industrial zones, it lies within a region experiencing agricultural activity, primarily focused on citrus fruits and olive cultivation. This agricultural land use, while vital to the regional economy, can contribute to localized air quality concerns related to pesticide application and biomass burning during harvest seasons. The urban–rural gradient transitions relatively quickly, with agricultural fields and small villages bordering the city limits. Topographically, the surrounding hills can create localized areas of stagnant air, particularly during periods of calm weather, potentially trapping pollutants. The city’s location within a valley also influences wind patterns, sometimes channeling pollutants and exacerbating air quality issues. The Tell Atlas range to the south acts as a barrier, influencing regional weather systems and potentially impacting the dispersion of airborne contaminants.

Hammam M’Baïls experiences a Mediterranean climate, resulting in distinct seasonal patterns that significantly impact air quality. Spring (March-May) generally sees improved conditions as increased rainfall helps to cleanse the atmosphere and stronger winds facilitate pollutant dispersal. However, agricultural activities intensify during this period, potentially leading to localized spikes in particulate matter from field preparation and fertilizer application. Summer (June-August) is typically characterized by hot, dry conditions and frequent periods of atmospheric stability. Temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, are common, hindering vertical mixing and leading to pollutant accumulation, particularly in the mornings. Dust storms originating from the Sahara can also impact air quality during this season. Autumn (September-November) brings a gradual shift towards cooler temperatures and increased rainfall, generally improving air quality. However, agricultural burning, a traditional practice for land clearing, can contribute to elevated levels of smoke and particulate matter. Winter (December-February) is often the most challenging season for air quality. Cold, calm conditions and frequent fog events exacerbate pollutant trapping. Residential heating, often reliant on solid fuels, further contributes to localized pollution. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during winter months, limiting outdoor activity during periods of fog or stagnant air. Spring and autumn offer more favourable periods for outdoor recreation, but awareness of agricultural practices remains important. The interplay of temperature, wind patterns, and human activities dictates the fluctuating air quality throughout the year.