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Khadra, a small town nestled within the Mostaganem province of Algeria, occupies a geographically significant position along the Mediterranean coast. Located at approximately 36.25°N, 0.57°E, its coordinates place it within a relatively flat coastal plain, just inland from the Mediterranean Sea. The surrounding landscape is characterized by a gradual transition from sandy beaches and coastal dunes to gently rolling hills and agricultural lands. Khadra’s proximity to the sea exerts a considerable influence on its climate and, consequently, its air quality. The prevailing northwesterly winds, common along the Algerian coast, often carry moisture and can disperse pollutants, but also introduce marine aerosols. The town sits at a low elevation, minimizing the potential for natural vertical mixing of air. To the west, the landscape gradually rises, transitioning into more rugged terrain, which can sometimes trap pollutants under stable atmospheric conditions. Mostaganem, a larger industrial city, lies approximately 15 kilometers to the east, representing a potential source of industrial emissions impacting Khadra’s air. The surrounding region is primarily agricultural, with olive groves and cereal crops dominating the landscape, which can contribute to particulate matter through dust and agricultural practices. The urban–rural gradient around Khadra is relatively smooth, with small villages and agricultural fields interspersed throughout the area, limiting the formation of a distinct urban heat island effect, but potentially increasing the spread of agricultural pollutants.

Khadra’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by its Mediterranean climate. The warm, dry summers (June-August) are often characterized by periods of stagnant air and elevated particulate matter concentrations. High temperatures suppress vertical mixing, and the lack of rainfall means there's little atmospheric cleansing. Temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air sits above cooler air near the ground, are more frequent during these months, trapping pollutants close to the surface. Spring (March-May) and Autumn (September-November) generally offer improved air quality, with moderate temperatures and more frequent wind events that help disperse pollutants. However, spring can also see increased dust from nearby agricultural activities. Winter (December-February) brings cooler temperatures and occasional rainfall, which helps to wash pollutants from the atmosphere. Fog, particularly in December and January, can also trap pollutants, leading to localized episodes of reduced visibility and potentially poorer air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the summer months, limiting strenuous outdoor activity during peak heat and avoiding areas with visible smoke or dust. During periods of fog or stagnant air in winter, similar precautions are advised. The agricultural cycle, with planting and harvesting activities, can influence air quality throughout the year, particularly in the spring and autumn, necessitating awareness of potential dust and pesticide exposure.