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Souaflia, nestled within the Mostaganem State of Algeria, occupies a strategically important position on the Mediterranean coast, approximately 40 kilometers southwest of the larger city of Mostaganem. Its coordinates (35.8500, 0.3333) place it within a gently sloping coastal plain, transitioning gradually to the Tell Atlas mountains to the south. The city’s terrain is predominantly flat, facilitating urban expansion, but also presenting challenges regarding air circulation. Souaflia’s proximity to the Mediterranean Sea influences local weather patterns and introduces a maritime component to its air quality profile, occasionally bringing in saline aerosols. The surrounding landscape is a mix of agricultural land – primarily olive groves and cereal crops – and scrubland, typical of the Algerian coastal region. To the west, the coastline extends, while eastward lies a gradual rise towards the foothills of the Atlas range. This proximity to agricultural zones means seasonal agricultural burning can contribute to localized pollution episodes. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp; Souaflia itself is a small, compact town, quickly giving way to rural agricultural areas. While not directly adjacent to major industrial belts, its location within the broader Algerian economic corridor means it experiences indirect impacts from industrial activity further inland. The relatively low elevation (around 20 meters above sea level) can exacerbate temperature inversions, trapping pollutants closer to the ground, particularly during cooler months. The prevailing winds, generally from the northwest, play a crucial role in dispersing or concentrating pollutants, depending on their strength and direction.

Souaflia’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal rhythm dictated by its Mediterranean climate. The dry, warm summers (June-August) often see a build-up of pollutants due to reduced rainfall and increased solar radiation, which promotes photochemical smog formation. Stagnant air conditions are not uncommon during this period, hindering pollutant dispersion. Agricultural burning, a traditional practice for land clearing and residue disposal, intensifies during the late summer and early autumn months, significantly impacting local air quality. The transition seasons, spring (March-May) and autumn (September-November), are generally characterized by more moderate air quality, with increased wind speeds aiding in pollutant dispersal. However, autumn can also bring occasional episodes of dust intrusion from the Sahara, particularly during periods of strong southerly winds. Winters (December-February) are the coolest months, and temperature inversions frequently occur, trapping pollutants near the ground and leading to periods of poorer air quality. Fog, while not persistent, can also exacerbate this issue. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during these periods, limiting outdoor activity and avoiding areas with visible smoke. The spring months offer the most favourable conditions for outdoor activities, with generally cleaner air and more frequent wind. Careful monitoring of local conditions and adherence to public health advisories are always recommended, particularly during the summer and winter months when pollution risks are elevated. The interplay of temperature, wind patterns, and agricultural practices shapes Souaflia’s annual air quality cycle.