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Charām, nestled within the Kohgīlūyeh va Booyer Aḩmad province of Iran, occupies a geographically significant position at approximately 30.7461° N, 50.7461° E. The city’s terrain is characterized by a gently sloping alluvial plain, a consequence of its location along the margins of the Bakhtiary plain, a vast expanse of fertile land fed by the Dez River and its tributaries. This riverine influence shapes the landscape, providing vital irrigation for the surrounding agricultural zones, primarily focused on wheat, barley, and date cultivation. The elevation of Charām, around 650 meters above sea level, contributes to a localized climate influenced by both the Zagros Mountains to the west and the Persian Gulf to the south. The Zagros range acts as a partial barrier, sometimes trapping pollutants, while the Gulf’s moisture and prevailing winds introduce humidity and occasionally, saline aerosols. The urban character of Charām is relatively small-scale, a regional market town serving the surrounding agricultural communities. The urban–rural gradient is gradual, with scattered villages and agricultural fields blending seamlessly into the city’s periphery. Industrial activity is limited, primarily consisting of small-scale agricultural processing and workshops, minimizing direct industrial emissions. However, the widespread use of agricultural machinery and occasional burning of crop residues can contribute to localized air quality issues. The surrounding landscape is dominated by semi-arid steppe, transitioning to more rugged terrain closer to the mountains, influencing regional wind patterns and potential dust intrusion events.

Charām’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by its climate and regional weather patterns. The dry season, spanning from late spring through autumn, typically sees the poorest air quality. During these months, particularly in June, July, and August, high temperatures and reduced precipitation create stable atmospheric conditions. Temperature inversions frequently occur, trapping pollutants close to the ground. Winds are often light and variable, further hindering dispersion. Agricultural practices, including the use of machinery and occasional burning of crop residues after harvest, exacerbate the problem. Dust storms, originating from the surrounding deserts and semi-arid regions, are also more frequent during this period, significantly degrading air quality. The winter months (December-February) generally offer improved conditions, with cooler temperatures and occasional rainfall helping to cleanse the atmosphere. However, periods of fog, particularly in January, can trap pollutants and reduce visibility. Spring (March-May) brings a gradual improvement as winds increase and rainfall becomes more frequent. The monsoon season, though less pronounced than in other parts of Iran, contributes to increased humidity and occasional rainfall during the late summer months, providing temporary relief. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor activity during peak pollution periods and utilizing air filtration systems when available. Maintaining awareness of regional weather forecasts is crucial for anticipating potential air quality deterioration.