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Līkak, nestled within the Kohgīlūyeh va Booyer Aḩmad province of Iran, occupies a geographically significant position at approximately 30.8928° N, 50.0928° E. The city’s setting is characterized by a gently sloping terrain, part of the broader Zagros Mountains foothills, resulting in an elevation of around 650 meters above sea level. This elevation contributes to a unique microclimate and influences local air circulation patterns. Līkak is situated within a semi-arid region, bordered by expansive plains and gradually transitioning into the rugged mountainous landscape typical of the Zagros range. The surrounding landscape is dominated by agricultural lands, primarily cultivating wheat and barley, interspersed with sparse vegetation adapted to the dry climate. While Līkak itself is a relatively small urban center with a population of just under 20,000, it serves as a regional hub for agricultural processing and trade. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural activities immediately surrounding the city. The proximity to the Dez River, though not directly adjacent, influences local humidity and can impact the dispersion of pollutants, particularly during periods of low wind. Industrial activity is limited, primarily focused on small-scale agricultural processing, but the potential for dust emissions from nearby fields, especially during planting and harvesting seasons, significantly impacts air quality. The prevailing winds, often originating from the northwest, carry dust and pollutants from both agricultural lands and potentially from further afield within the Zagros Mountains, creating a complex interplay of factors affecting Līkak’s air quality.

Līkak’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by its semi-arid climate and regional weather patterns. Spring (March-May) often brings increased dust storms originating from the surrounding agricultural lands as fields are prepared and cultivated, leading to periods of reduced visibility and elevated particulate matter. The transition to summer (June-August) sees a slight improvement as temperatures rise, and convective mixing helps disperse pollutants, though intense heat can exacerbate ozone formation. Autumn (September-November) is arguably the most challenging period. Decreasing temperatures combined with calmer winds frequently lead to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground and resulting in stagnant air conditions. Agricultural burning, a common practice for clearing fields, further contributes to the pollution load during this time. Winter (December-February) offers a mixed picture. While colder temperatures can reduce ozone levels, the prevalence of fog and low-lying clouds, coupled with reduced wind speeds, can trap pollutants, creating localized episodes of poor air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during autumn and winter months, limiting outdoor activities during periods of stagnant air or fog. Spring requires vigilance regarding dust exposure, and even during the relatively cleaner summer months, heat-related health concerns should be considered. Staying informed about local weather conditions and air quality forecasts is crucial for minimizing exposure and protecting health.