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Landeh, nestled within the Kohgīlūyeh va Bouyer Ahmad province of Iran, occupies a geographically significant position at approximately 30.98° N, 50.42° E. The city’s terrain is characterized by a gently sloping plain, part of the broader Khuzestan plain, transitioning into the Zagros Mountains to the east. This location dictates a semi-arid climate and influences air quality dynamics. Landeh sits relatively close to the Dez River, providing a limited source of moisture and potential for localized humidity, though its impact on overall air quality is moderate. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with extensive fields dedicated to wheat, barley, and date palm cultivation, interspersed with scattered villages and rural settlements. This creates a gradual urban-rural gradient, with agricultural activities contributing to seasonal particulate matter. To the west, the city is connected to larger industrial zones in Khuzestan province, though the direct impact is lessened by distance. The elevation of Landeh, around 150 meters above sea level, contributes to temperature inversions during cooler months, trapping pollutants closer to the ground. The prevailing winds, generally from the northwest during spring and southwest during autumn, play a crucial role in dispersing or concentrating pollutants. The region's geology, with sedimentary rock formations, can also influence dust levels, particularly during dry periods. The city’s small size (population 12,772) means that localized emissions from vehicles and residential heating are the primary contributors to air pollution, though regional factors significantly shape the overall air quality profile.

Landeh’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle driven by meteorological patterns and agricultural practices. Spring (March-May) often sees elevated dust levels due to increased wind speeds and the disruption of agricultural soils during planting. This period can be challenging for those with respiratory sensitivities. Summer (June-August) brings intense heat, which can exacerbate ozone formation, although the relatively low population density mitigates this somewhat. The dry, hot conditions also contribute to increased particulate matter from agricultural burning, though regulations aim to control this. Autumn (September-November) is typically the most problematic season. Temperature inversions become more frequent as temperatures cool, trapping pollutants released from residential heating and limited industrial activity. The southwest winds, while usually beneficial for dispersion, can sometimes carry pollutants from neighboring regions. Winter (December-February) is characterized by cooler temperatures and occasional fog, which further restricts air movement and concentrates pollutants. While the cold may discourage outdoor activity, the stagnant air can pose a health risk. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should limit prolonged outdoor exposure during autumn and winter, particularly on days with low visibility. During spring, wearing a mask can help reduce exposure to dust. Staying informed about local weather forecasts and air quality advisories is crucial for making informed decisions about outdoor activities throughout the year.