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Sarāb-e Tāveh-ye ‘Olyā, nestled within the Kohgīlūyeh va Bowyer Aḩmad province of Iran, occupies a geographically challenging landscape. Situated at coordinates 30.5981, 51.5761, the city is positioned amidst the Zagros Mountains, a region characterised by steep slopes, rugged terrain, and significant elevation changes. The surrounding landscape is predominantly mountainous, with limited flat land, influencing settlement patterns and urban development. The city’s elevation, approximately 1800 meters above sea level, contributes to cooler temperatures and potential for temperature inversions. While no major bodies of water are immediately adjacent, the region is part of the larger watershed feeding into the Persian Gulf. Sarāb-e Tāveh-ye ‘Olyā is primarily a rural-agricultural community, with farming and livestock rearing being the dominant economic activities. The urban-rural gradient is sharp, transitioning quickly into sparsely populated mountainous areas. Air quality is intrinsically linked to this geography; the mountainous terrain restricts air circulation, trapping pollutants during calm weather conditions. Dust storms originating from the arid regions to the west and southwest are also a significant factor, exacerbated by land use practices and potential desertification. The limited industrial activity within the city itself means regional sources contribute substantially to the local air pollution profile.

Air quality in Sarāb-e Tāveh-ye ‘Olyā experiences distinct seasonal variations. Spring (March-May) often sees a temporary improvement as rainfall washes away accumulated dust and pollutants, though pollen counts can be high, impacting respiratory health. Summers (June-August) are typically dry and hot, with increased potential for dust storms originating from the western deserts, leading to elevated particulate matter levels. Calm wind conditions during these months exacerbate pollution. Autumn (September-November) brings a transition period, with decreasing temperatures and occasional rainfall, offering some relief. However, temperature inversions become more frequent, trapping pollutants in the valley. Winter (December-February) is characterised by cold temperatures and often stagnant air masses, leading to the most prolonged periods of poor air quality. Snowfall can temporarily cleanse the air, but also restricts ventilation. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during the summer and winter months. Monitoring wind patterns is crucial; periods of calm, particularly in winter, are associated with the highest pollution levels. Local agricultural burning practices in autumn can also contribute to temporary spikes in particulate matter.